The Broad Communications

The broad communications as methods of correspondence produces messages which are intended to achieve countless with the objective of expanding a benefit (as refered to in Thompson and Heinberg, 1999). Because of the mass medias tremendous expansion all through society, Willinge, Touyz and Charles (2006), contend that it is likely the absolute most capable and compelling transmitter of the admired self-perception for females. In the past pictures of magnificence and gentility were generally depicted using craftsmanship, music and writing. However the media and its impact have radically changed and developed from that point forward, and it is the present print and electronic media that have gone under much feedback for their portrayal of the glorified self-perception (Thompson and Heinberg, 1999). Johnson, Tobin and Steinberg (1989) express that the thin perfect self-perception which is depicted in the media is normally 15% underneath the normal weight of a ladies (as refered to in Hawkins, Richards, MacGranley and Stein, 2004). While Wiseman, Gray, Mosimann and Ahrens (1992) express that while the normal American ladies is in actuality getting heavier, the media pictures of ladies are to be sure getting more slender (as refered to in Cory and Burns, 2007). Thompson and Heinberg (1999) keep on adding to this contention. They express that lone 10% of ladies depicted on TV are overweight. This isn't a genuine portrayal of our general public today. Willinge et al (2006) states that 75% of individuals met trusted that the media advances slimness as a perfect to endeavor towards for ladies. Hawkins et al (2004) concur with these announcements and contend that while the media picture of ladies ends up more slender it is making the perfect body significantly more hard to accomplish and is making included weight ladies. Gordon (2008) keeps on noticing the media offer little decent variety in the depiction of ladies. In a report completed by Dove healthy skin about ‘genuine' ladies' demeanor towards the pictures appeared in the media, 75% of ladies expressed that they might want to see greater decent variety of ladies in the media. This included ladies of various shape, size and age (Etcoff, Orbach, Scott and D'Agostino, 2004). In later years the size zero pattern has been underlined and supported in numerous parts of Western culture. Willinge et al. (2006) states that females are urged to endeavor towards this picture, in spite of the fact that this perfect is at last extraordinary and hazardous and unattainable for most. Berel and Irving (1998) expressed in a report that female understudies revealed that the media connected the most weight on the possibility of slimness than some other source (as refered to in Robles, 2011). While Bedford and Johnson (2006) express that more youthful ladies are frequently more delicate to the multidimensional idea of the media and subsequently this regularly brings about diminished levels of control levels. McKinley and Hyde (1996) report that the media portray men and ladies in various structures which may add to the sexual externalization as talked about already. All through the media pictures that speak to men by and large focus all over and head, while pictures speaking to ladies tend to center around their body. McKinley and Hyde (1996) contend this is unmistakable all through every visual type of media, specifically music recordings, commercial and ladies' magazines. This accentuation on the thin romanticized self-perception frequently builds the sentiment sexual typification. They assert that proceeded with presentation to these pictures brings about numerous ladies wanting to change their appearance trying to ‘fit in'. Bessenoff (2006) claims that nonstop presentation to these pictures of the thin admired body in the media can have numerous negative consequences for ladies including; a reduction in selfesteem, melancholy and dietary problems. While McKinley and Hyde (1996) remark that one of the most noticeably bad impacts that rehashed introduction to the media can have on ladies is that of self externalization, that will be that ladies start to regard themselves as a body that is there for evalution. McKinley and Hyde (1996) concur with the conclusion from Bessenoff (2006) and keep on stating that this thus prompts a lessening in confidence and discouragement and most pessimistic scenario dietary problems.

Terrorism Case Study

Caless (2012) defines terrorism as † the threat or use of violence to further a political agenda for change by inducing widespread fear†. However, experts have been debating over a clear definition for terrorism for over 100 years. Although the word was first used over 200 years ago when discussing the Reign of Terror (Whitaker, 2001). Consequently, there have been over 100 definitions offered for terrorism (Laqueur, 1977, cited in Martin, 2013). Alex Schmid's (2004) research also illustrates the lack of clarity surrounding the definition.And most experts believe that an impartial and universal recognised definition will never be agreed upon (Ganor, 2002). With the lack of clarity surrounding the definition, a further question arises; who is classed as a terrorist? This is reflected in the well known phrase â€Å"one man's freedom fighter, is another man's terrorist. † (Gerald Seymour, 1975, cited in Ganor, 2002). Overall, it is agreed, that this depends on the sub jective viewpoint of the individual (Ganor, 2002; Jackson, 2008; Corte, 2007).The Just War doctrine is an â€Å"ideal and moralistic philosophy† (Martin, 2013). It asks questions such as â€Å"what types of force are morally acceptable? † and â€Å"who can morally be defined as an enemy? † This notion is usually used by ideological and religious extremists, in order to justify their own acts of extreme violence. A prime example of religious extremists is the ‘jihadi Islamic fundamentalists', the term jihad means a sacred â€Å"struggle† but is manifested by some radical Muslim clerics as a holy war and therefore perceived that their war is a â€Å"just war† (Martin, 2013).This paper will endeavour to answer the question; Did University College London (UCL) further radicalise Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab? There have been many debates, theories and investigations surrounding this question, many of which will be analysed throughout. Umar Farouk Abd ulmutallab (born 22 December 1986) is a Nigerian Islamist who attempted to detonate plastic explosives in his underwear whilst travelling from Amsterdam to Detroit, on Christmas Day 2009, on the Northwest Airlines Flight 253. In January 2005 Abdulmutallab joined an Islamic forum under the pseudonym â€Å"Farouk1986† (Now Public, 2009).He frequently contributed to the forum. His postings normally gave advice to other forum members, although on occasion he expressed more personal views. These included his â€Å"jihad fantasies†, describing how â€Å"Muslims will win and rule the world† and prays to Allah to â€Å"unite us all Muslims and give us victory over those who do not believe†. The majority of his postings illustrate his loneliness and his struggle to contain his â€Å"sexual drive†, and he goes on to urge fellow forum users to limit their activities to â€Å"Islamically good† and to only â€Å"hang around with good Muslims who enjoy s tudying†.Throughout his postings in the forum he maintains that he is memorising the Quran (Islamic Forum, 2005). These postings illustrate that Abdulmutallab's views on the Islamic religion, are very similar to Salafism or Olivier Roy's neo-fundamentalism (see: Social Science Research Council). This is shown with his fixation on personal faith, and is also portrayed when he praises Shaykhs Saud as-Shuraim and Abdul Rahman as Sudais (Islamic Forum, 2005). Another radical Muslim he mentions is Abdullah el-Faisal, who is currently in prison in the UK for influencing his supporters to murder Jews, Hindus and Americans (Forest, 2012).Some of the media (Gardham, 2009) focused on Abdulmutallab's love for football and this is clearly seen within his postings online. However, by November 15th 2005, he had turned against it stating â€Å"Let’s save our honor and religion and try to stay away from football and do sporting activities that are more Islamically beneficial†¦ ru nning, paintball, archery (or any other sport of the like that teaches [how to] target and aim). † (Islamic Forum, 2005). There are many different theories as to where Abdulmutallab was further radicalised, the one that will be discussed in this paper is the possibility hat University College London (UCL) and it's Islamic Society were the perpetrators. During the investigation of the attempted attack of Flight 253, the University College of London (UCL) had held their own investigation of their Islamic Society and although the evidence holds strongly against them, as will be seen throughout this paper, they came to their own conclusion that   there was â€Å"no evidence to suggest either that Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab was radicalised while a student at UCL, or that conditions at UCL during that time or subsequently were conducive to the radicalisation of students. (UCL, 2010). Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab began university, in September 2005, during a peak of Islamist activity in the UK, there were events organised by Ikhwan (Ikhwan Web, 2005)  and Jamaat-e-Islami inspired groups that were being held weekly and their influence over British Islam was steadily increasing (Hitchens, 2010). This year is an important one, as the emergence of the first Islamic militant groups in Bangladesh (Kabir, 2005) were seen and Islam became the official religion of Iraq (Islamopedia Online).British Islamists were exploiting the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and implicating the Western governments with the â€Å"war on Islam and Muslims,† (Hitchens, 2010). According to Islamist's, Western Muslims, had a duty to stand up for their religion and fight back using peaceful methods (O'Connor, 2012). The â€Å"Stop Police Terror† lecture was given by Awlaki at the East London Mosque in 2003 (YouTube, 2011). The listed supporters of this group could be found on the Stop Political Terror website, and interestingly UCL was among this list (Stop Political Terror, 2003- 2005).The aims of this campaign was to urge Muslims to fight against the â€Å"anti-terrorist police† and to alert them of â€Å"the deteriorating situation in the UK and the scale of arrests, raids and abuse meted out [against Muslims] by Anti-Terrorist Police. † The campaign statement also included a clear warning: â€Å"Britain's Muslims, as a community, will refuse to cooperate with the law enforcement authorities  if  this abuse continues. † (Stop Political Terror, 2003-2005). During this time, the Federation of Student Islamic Societies (FOSIS) ran another campaign alongside â€Å"Stop Political Terror. , issuing further explicit statements -â€Å"previously, it was Muslims themselves under attack, now the agenda [is] to attack Islam, its principles †¦ New laws making it an offence †¦ aim to divide and weaken the Muslim community. † And â€Å"The relative concept of ‘extremism’ is being used to condemn Muslims from very diverse political viewpoints. † (Hitchens, 2010). The perception of a Western â€Å"war on Islam† is one of the key recruitment tools of global jihadist groups like al-Qaeda (Home Office, 2011).Therefore, it is clear that Abdulmutallab was absorbed in an protesting setting, and this appeared to him to give value and objective, to his already pre-existing neo-fundamentalist attitude and personal discontent (loneliness). It is also apparent from his previous online statements, that he was vulnerable to the indoctrination; â€Å"I hope to get over my loneliness when I go to university†¦ where there are usually Islamic groups [and] clubs with good Muslims† (Islamic Forum, 2005).His obsession with Islam is clearly illustrated with the amount of time he devoted to the group, and after a year of starting university he was already president of UCL's Islamic Society (Irvine, 2009). Terrorist groups are also known to use the media to their advantage. As terrorism is à ¢â‚¬Å"not limited to specific locales or regions† and the media has allowed everybody to witness some form of terror. Knowing this terrorist groups can therefore understand the power of the images and manipulate them to their advantage (Martin, 2013).Gus Martin (2013) explains the media frenzy surrounding terrorism, and describes the 21st century as being â€Å"an era of globalized terrorism†. Another key recruitment tool that jihad groups use is the internet (US Department of Defense, 2007). Sites such as Facebook, (Torok, 2011) and the creation of websites that can be regionalised. Although governments monitor the websites and, if necessary shut them down, another website can be made and the process can start again (McNeal, 2008). It is clear that Abdulmutallab was a fan of internet use, with his frequent postings on the Islamic Forum.Awlaki could also be an key element in the â€Å"jihad internet recruitment† process. The media present him as the â€Å"Bin La den of the internet† (Madhani 2010; CNN, 2011). He was  a Muslim lecturer and spiritual leader who had been accused of being a senior al-Qaeda â€Å"effective global recruiter† (Telegraph, 2012) and motivator. He is thought to have given a series of video link lectures at the East London Mosque (Gilligan, 2010). They however, categorically deny this ever took place, and deny that Abdulmutallab even attended the Mosque (East London Mosque, 2010). The University of Westminster Islamic Society are alleged to have ties with Awlaki.Another Islamic Forum announced him as a guest at University of Westminster Islamic Society Annual Dinner in 2006 (Ummah Forum, 2006). Along with these connections Awlaki is also suspected to have had â€Å"recruited† Abdulmutallab before the attack. According to Fox News, an FBI bulletin states that Awlaki showed Abdulmutallab â€Å"how to detonate the bomb† (Catherine Herridge, 2011). Research carried out by the University of Cam bridge suggest that â€Å"the majority of young British Muslims are opposed to political Islam, and are more likely to join Amnesty International† (Cambridge University, 2008).This was criticised, when Anthony Glees accused Cambridge of trying to prove that British universities are not â€Å"hotbeds of Islamic radicalism† and called the research â€Å"flimsy and uncompelling† (Lipsett, 2008). Their research was argued against by the Centre for Social Cohesion (CSC), who stated that â€Å"Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab was radicalised at University College London†, and goes on to describe British universities as the â€Å"breeding grounds of Islamic extremism†(Centre for Social Cohesion, 2010).They describe themselves as the â€Å"Centre [that] has been at the forefront of the debate on what role Universities should play in ensuring that British students do not fall victim to the ideology of violent Islamism. † (Centre for Social Cohesion, 2010). They went on to completely contradict Cambridge Universities report, and suggested within the report that Islamic extremism will â€Å"flourish†. This statement was further supported when Abdulmutallab became the fifth president of a UK Islamic society to face terrorist charges (Weiss, 2011).The vulnerability of Abdulmutallab along with the recruitment tools of jihadist groups illustrate how easily individuals can slip beyond this porous boundary rapidly and very often unnoticed. Since the September 11th attack on the World Trade Center, it has become apparent that Al-Qaeda are focusing on mobilising Western Muslims to commit â€Å"lone-wolf† terror (RUSI, 2012). This evidence is supported by the ICSR (2011) who describe Awlaki's role as â€Å"ideological rather than operational† and explain that the greatest threat he poses is the mobilisation of Western Muslims through his sermons and therefore expanding the jihadi movement.Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab's extremis t views are apparent very early on. Although, as his loneliness grew, so did his radical views. It appears that he was trying to fight his urges to act upon these views time after time. Abdulmutallab was quite clearly an â€Å"extremist† turned â€Å"terrorist†, as it is clearly defined by Martin (2013); â€Å"extremists† who violently act out their extremist beliefs are â€Å"terrorists†. It is clear that his time at UCL and within the Islamic Society unquestionably played a part in Abdulmutallab's further radicalisation when examining the evidence discussed.It is also remarkable to see that UCL was among the list of supporters of the Stop Police Terror campaigns, almost condemning themselves of the radicalisation. They contradicted themselves when they released their findings that â€Å"no evidence to suggest †¦ that conditions at UCL †¦ [are] conducive to the radicalisation of students. † (UCL, 2010). It is noted that Cambridge Univers ity's ‘flimsy' research could support the UCL's outcome, but then could this research, with their ‘bad press', also diminish their findings.Overall, there are many factors that led to the radicalisation of Abdulmutallab, his state of mind, his vulnerability, and the people that he was associated with within the Islamic Society. Therefore, the UCL was not completely at fault, it was also the fundamentalists, that infiltrated the system and took advantage of a vulnerable, young Muslim. References Caless, B (2012) ‘Terrorism and Political Violence: Introduction, Overview and the Problem with Definitions. (Accessed: 5 December 2012). Cambridge University (2008) ‘Campus radicalism fears too extreme? ‘ Available at: http://www. cam. ac. k/research/news/campus-radicalism-fears-too-extreme/ (Accessed: 5 December 2012). CNN Online (2011) ‘ Al-Awlaki: Who was he? ‘, CNN Online, Available at: http://security. blogs. cnn. com/2011/09/30/al-awlaki-who-wa s-he/ (Accessed: 5 December, 2012). De La Corte, L (2007) ‘Explaining Terrorism: A Psychosocial Approach'  Perspectives on Terrorism, North America, Vol. No. 2 [Online] Available at: . (Accessed: 5 Dec. 2012). East London Mosque (2010) ‘ East London Mosque and London Muslim Centre  Ã‚   Statement on Anwar Awlaki' [Online] Available at: http://www. astlondonmosque. org. uk/uploadedImage/pdf/2010_11_07_15_44_46_Awlaki%20Statement%206%20Nov10%20-%20Full%20Statement. pdf (Accessed: 5 December, 2012) East London Mosque (2010) ‘ Sunday Mirror publish ELM letter' [Online] Available at: http://www. eastlondonmosque. org. uk/archive/news/243 (Acccessed: 5 December, 2012). Forest, J (2012) ‘Perception Challenges Faced by Al-Qaeda on the Battlefield of Influence Warfare. ‘  Perspectives on Terrorism, North America, Vol. 6, No. 2. [Online] Available at: . (Accessed: 05 Dec. 2012). Ganor, B. (2002) ‘Defining Terrorism- Is One Man's Terrorist Another Man' s Freedom Fighter? ‘. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism [Online]. Available at: http://www. ict. org. il/ResearchPublications/tabid/64/Articlsid/432/Default. aspx#Defining_Terrorism:_The_Present_Situation (Accessed: 1 December 2012). Gardham, D. (2009) ‘ Detroit bomber: internet forum traces journey from lonely schoolboy to Islamic fundamentalist', The Telegraph, 30 December 2009 [Online]. Available at: http://www. telegraph. o. uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/6910776/Detroit-bo mber-internet-forum-traces-journey-from-lonely-schoolboy-to-Islamic-fundamentalist. html. (Accessed: 5 December 2012). Gilligan, A (2010) â€Å"East London Mosque: the terrorist question and the lies†, The Telegraph, 2 November 2010 [Online]. Available at: http://blogs. telegraph. co. uk/news/andrewgilligan/100061920/east-london-mosque-the-terrorist-connection-and-the-lies/ (Accessed: 5 December 2012). Gregory S. McNeal (2008). â€Å"Cyber Embargo: Countering the Internet J ihad†Ã‚  , Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, vol. 9, pp. 789-826. [Online] Available at: http://works. bepress. com/gregorymcneal/15 (Accessed 1 December 2012) Herridge, C (2011). ‘ Awlaki Trained Suspected Christmas Jet Bomber How to Detonate Underwear, Document Reveals'. Fox News, 4 October 2011 [Online] Available at:  http://www. foxnews. com/us/2011/10/04/al-awlaki-trained-suspected-christmas-day-jet-bomber-how-to-detonate-underwear/#ixzz2ECpGaSXS (Accessed:5 December 2012). Hitchens, A (2010) ‘The Making of the Christmas Day Bomber', Current Trends in Islamist Ideology, Vol. 10 [Online]. Available at: http://currenttrends. rg/research/detail/the-making-of-the-christmas-day-bomber (Accesed: 29 November 2012). Home Office (2011) Contest: The United Kingdom’s Strategy for Countering terrorism. London: The Stationery Office. (Cm. 8123). [Online] Available at: http://www. homeoffice. gov. uk/publications/counter-terrorism/counter-terrorism -strategy/strategy-contest? view=Binary (Accessed: 2 December 2012). ICSR (The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation)(2011) ‘ICSR Insight: How Anwar al-Awlaki Became the Face of Western Jihad'. [Online] Available at: http://icsr. nfo/2011/09/icsr-insight-how-anwar-al-awlaki-became-the-face-of-western-jihad/ (Accessed: 5 December, 2012). Irvine, C (2009) ‘ Detroit terror attack: suspect president of university Islamic society', The Telegraph, 29 December 2009 [Online]. Available at: http://www. telegraph. co. uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/6902785/Detroit-terror-attack-suspect-president-of-university-Islamic-society. html (Accessed: 5 December, 2012) Ikhwan Web (2005) International Religious Freedom Report 2005. Available at: http://www. ikhwanweb. com/article. php? id=13543&ref=search. php

Late Imperial Russia Essay

How was Russia set up to be the nation it is today? Introduction: ‘Imperial Russia’ all started in the 17th century where a man named Tsar Ivan IV the terrible’ battled and defeated the Mongols which were the previous rulers of Russia. He appointed himself the emperor of Russia and his heirs would carry on his principles and his way of ruling throughout the century’s to build a strong nation. The Tsars of the Romanov dynasty would carry on ruling till the last reign in 1890-1917 which was held by Tsar Nicholas II son of Tsar Alexander Ill, it was his and is father’s reign which changed Russia from having its own system (tsarism) to become a nation with a fair government Just like the European nations of their time. At first glance the Tsar’s were thought to be grateful to Russia e. g. ictory over the swedes which transformed Muscovy into a great power of Europe and Alexander II the liberator ended serfdom and restored the government of Russia after losing the Crimean war. However there were many situations, problems in governments and people that caused Russia to change from having Tsarism to having an official government such as parliament. Tsar & Tsarism: The system of Tsarism was governed through three organisations: Firstly there was the imperial council, which were a group of advisers to the Tsar. Secondly there was the Cabinet of Ministers, which ran the government departments of the Tsar. Thirdly there was the Senate, which were the supervisors of the law. All three of these governmental bodies were ranked under the Tsar so every organisation they run, laws they make or suggestions, the final word or decision has to be from the current Tsar ruler, e. g. To quote Reaction and Revolution ‘They were appointed, not elected nd they did not govern’. This is because their roles are basically to give advice because whatever they say has to go through the Tsar. The Tsar which caused most problems were as I mentioned above Nicholas II and Alexander Ill because of what they tried to do to the Russian empire as well as what they didn’t try to do, unlike their reforming heirs, they didn’t fight for Russia or change for Russia, they only did what they did to benefit them, not the rest of Russia. By the time of Nicholas’s reign Russia stretched a distance of 5000 miles from west to east and 2000 miles from outh to north, this of course made ruling Russia even more difficult because one family couldn’t possibly enforce their system on their own unless they had an actual government like other European countries of their time. Even though the sheer size of Russia gave it a well-known powerful image that it’s a nation of strength, it didn’t prove that because parts of the landscape are either unreachable, uninhabitable or just not worth the time to build upon. Considering these facts Tsar Nicholas II wasn’t indeed that powerful as well as the Tsarism system which soon lead to changing into communist government ruled by the Bolsheviks in 1917. Overall the system of Tsarism is the system the Tsar family ran to rule the nation of Russia, this involved only them having command and if any governmental bodies have any ideas to change/improve Russia they could only advise it as only the Tsars nad control. How did the geography of Russia compare to other nations in Europe and effect the Tsar: As IVe mentioned above, Russia consists a land mass of 16,093,440 Kilometres Squared which makes it 2 and a half times bigger than the USA and a whole lot harder to rule, this is because Russia of this time is being ruled by one family which nly cause poverty, social segregation and a failed work force, if you compare it to the USA of its time its doing far better than Russia because the USA is a democracy unlike Russia which is a socialist nation. The differences are that the USA vote and elect, they have different ‘Parties’ which have different Jobs to run the country when Russia is run by one family which tries to do everything and when they do make laws or enforce something, it only rewards them not the nation. The advantage the Tsars had is that the size of Russia made them seem untouchable which explains the lack f countries invading or taking over Russia, this is the only way that the geography of Russia affects it positively, IVe mentioned how it affects Russia negatively e. . bad landscape, too much to rule over, cannot handle to control such a large area. Ruling Russia back then was difficult even with the Trans-Siberian Railway, sure it provided a way to cross the 5000 miles from west to east but it still caused neglect to places like Vladivostok and Irkutsk because they aren’t at all near the capitals such as Moscow and St Petersburg. How did the people of Russia effect the Tsar and what did they do to respond to the ays of the tsar: The people of Russia were so constricted because of Tsarism it caused many problems, one of the catalysts to the problems was that it was a criminal offence to go against the Tsar or Tsarism, therefore if anyone decided they wanted to reform the tsarism system they had to go through the Tsar themselves and of course if it goes against their wishes they’ll say no and arrest the person responsible. There has been Reforming Tsars which improved transport, improved efficiency of the army, re-built cities so they could change Russia for the better, but ventually it was all done for nothing because whenever an heir gained the throne from a reformed Tsar they always went back to the strict ways. This did effect the nation greatly but not as much until the last Tsar ever: Nicholas II, he was meant to carry on the rulings his tatner made to help build Russia into a stronger nation e. g. mproving standard of living, education, employment etc. but he decided to go back to the old socialist ways that caused poverty, distrust of the nation and weakening the barrier between a fair command and compete domination of the people of Russia. People didn’t Just stand around been ruled or told off by the tsars, there have been a few moments where theyVe risen up, worked together to eradicate the current Tsar leader or went underground to discuss what differences they could make on their own without the permission of the Tsar. For example since free speech’ was a common myth in the reigns of Tsar, various people most likely in political activist groups decided to go to extremism. They thought the only way they could get their word out or make a change is through threats or by force, for example in 1881 Tsar Alexander II was blown up by a bomb thrown from the ‘Peoples Will’ hich were a terrorist group, they went this far because they didn’t want to be plagued by the Tsar or Tsarism anymore. However other people of the nation went down low and created societies or non-activist groups which wouldn’t allow the Tsar’s to see how theyre changing Russia in a non-obvious fashion, but eventually after they started to plan a revolution the Tsar caught on and decided to infiltrate them with their own secret police known as the Okhrama. They were issued to perform raids, arrests, imprisonments and infiltrations to stop the ‘secret’ societies so the Tsar could carry on running the government. The only thing that was good that the Tsar provided to the people was an Orthodox Church in every city (ST. Petersburg & Moscow), the people encouraged this because the church was a part of Russian culture and because it didn’t rely on any foreign influence or governmental body. Of course the Church supported the tsarist system throughout the century’s right up to the 19th century where it became well opposed to political/governmental change which caused it to so low in growth, unlike the industrial part of Russia. Consider the fact the only 0. 5% of Russia is the Tsar and their advisors, 12% is military and the last 3. 9% is the public, the public consist of merchants, factory workers and owners, land owners and mainly peasants. This causes issues because of course the Tsar allow the chance that people can buy/own/sell land, but it comes with a price, considering most workers soon save up to buy a farm land but then it comes with a mortgage thus causing them to be in debt and nearly as poor as the peasants. This effected the economy massively because by these statistics 80% of the population were peasants, and they knew peasants were illiterate and have a lack of skills, this portion of the opulation was the catalyst to everything the people did in response to what the Tsar did to Russia. This made the Tsar lower the ranks of the army so they could be filled with ‘conscription’ (the forcing of large numbers of peasants to Join the armed services), these were often called the ‘Dark Masses’. The problems caused by botn Tsarism and the People ot Russia : The issues that were caused by the Tsar effect Russia more frequently and at a higher scale after Alexander the seconds reign, this is because he was the first reforming Tsar for a while and what he did was for the better interest of the nation not himself; People tarted noticing his reforms in 1861 when he emancipated the Serfs, he restored Russia’s governing structure after the loss in the Crimean war and he set up a network of elected councils in the rural areas which were called ‘Zemstvos’, even though it seemed with these elected bodies that anyone could vote, that wasn’t the case because of strict voting regulations only the land owners not the peasants could take part in the voting. Alexander II has obviously made a difference to his nation because of this evidence, but it still did solve the problem that there might be a hance that the next Tsar could ignore his reformative ways and crea te discipline, poverty and all the other problems again like other Tsars before him. He also feared that since he’s doing all of this, he’s not committing to his Tsar duties, so near the end of his reign he goes back to the old ways which doesn’t affect much but leads to his assassination in 188111880. His successor ‘Alexander Ill’ caused all sorts of problems, problems so bad that everyone in the nation felt oppressed during his whole reign, after he was replaced by Nicholas II things got even worse because he didn’t like the eforming that alexander II did, so he carried on the repressive policies of his predecessor, which made Alexander the seconds reformation worth nothing, this of course angered the intelligent, richer and educated class of Russia known as the intelligentsia. The army of Russia was weakened by Nicholas II because he decided to lower ranks in the military so that even peasants could Join, this made becoming a high ranking officer easier therefore more of a chance to affect the tsarism system that Nicholas II has moulded. This weakened the force or strength of the military reatly, so much that the people created their own group called the ‘Militia’ which basically had their own form of Justice against criminals. If the military was going downhill so was the Tsar because Just about 50% of their expenditure was funding the army which was only able to produce a million and nalt me, which does sound powerful but most of which were peasants and land owners. People of Russia had less specific reasons of why the army, or their nation is so bad, they thought that the Tsar civil service was corrupt and the evidence to show it was that it’s the nation hose tried and tried again to reform itself but always goes back and corrupts itself again. Many citizens accused the Tsar of ‘sucking the blood of the people’ which refers to the fact that they control them, they corrupt them and they use them. Overall many people of Russia either appreciated the reformation to be on par with other nations or hating the reformation, the people which wanted the reformation were known as the Westerners’ because they wanted Russia to adopt aspects of European nations so they won’t live in horrendous conditions e. g. destroyed towns/ cities because of wars. Or have economic problems e. g. iving in poverty. The people who wanted Russia to stay the same were known as ‘Slavophiles’ they wanted to preserve the best aspects of Russia, yes solve the problems but not via adopting features of other European nations. Conclusion: The system of Tsarism is the system the Tsar family ran to rule the nation of Russia, this involved only them having command and if any governmental bodies have any ideas to change/improve Russia they could only advise it as only the Tsars had control. The geography of Russia effects its government greatly because it made them seem stronger when actually the tsar couldn’t possibly control the whole of Russia, also because of the vast landscape they couldn’t industrialise as fast as other nations could therefore putting them at a disadvantage as a nation. The people of Russia lived in poverty because of the strict rulings of the tsar, that the tsar couldn’t control all of them, they were in debt if they paid for land, even if theyre factory workers everyone couldn’t possibly benefit the whole nation. Because of the constant change of reforming tsars to cruel tsars the people of Russia didn’t know what to do and what they can do, which lead to assassinations, societies being created and being invaded by military or police.

Corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Corporate governance - Essay Example After several events, the organization became the fourth largest investment banks in America. The organization filed for bankruptcy protection on September 15, 2008. Due to several reasons and controversies Lehman Brothers collapsed. Global financial crisis, inadequate management style and poor performance of the chairman and managing director, Dick Fuld are the major reasons behind the collapse. Objectively, the reasons behind the collapse can be divided into two groups, such as corporate governance failures and technical issues (Wearing, 2005, p.121). The organization was following very inadequate corporate governance arrangements. Corporate governance is an important and effective system that helps an organization to direct and control (Solomon, 2007, p.52). It helps to determine the activities of the board of an organization. Effective corporate governance practices help an organization to set and address the organizational value. Lack of effective corporate governance practices, lack of transparency, Dick Fuld’s inadequate leadership strategy and neglecting the significance of effective corporate governance drove the organization towards bankruptcy. Corporate Risk Management and Corporate Governance failure Risk was part of Lehman Brothers day-to-day business. ... In reality, the executive committee of Lehman Brother’s met only twice before the bankruptcy in the year 2006 and 2007 respectively (Choudhury, 2012, p.147). Moreover, the organization started to practice high risk business operations before its collapse. In this particular period the organization had to focus on the aggressive growth strategies in order to overcome the challenges. During 2006-2007, Lehman Brothers developed exposures to structured products, risky subprime lending, high-risk lending for leveraged buyout and commercial real estate but it did not considered the fact that the loans were not liquid. In addition, Lehman Brothers exceeded their internal risk limits and higher earning pursuit control. These facts are considered as the beginning of the collapse (Rosenberg, 2012, p.244). It is evident that the top level executives and officers of the organization violated their duties and responsibilities by exposing their firm to potential liability by wrong financial statements. Repo 105 was the specialty of the misleading transactions of Lehman Brothers. Through Repo 105 the organization could remove more than billions of liabilities from the balance sheet. The misuse and existence of Repo 105 is huge controversial and it goes beyond the corporate governance. The specific corporate governance structure of Lehman Brothers can be considered as the pre-programmed plan to collapse. Over mighty CEO, inefficient executive team, power struggle between the key players and top lieutenant exposed the risk factors. The board of the directors was filled with inexperience and non-executive individuals. This was a toxic combination. The major individual in the

International Human Resource Management Assignment - 2

International Human Resource Management - Assignment Example 2) A draft job analysis for the position of an expat role would contain a minimum level of education, qualifications, and personality (Pilbeam & Corbridge, 2006). The last of these three is the most important factor in this type of role because it will determine if the prospective employee will adapt to the local culture. Once the candidates are whittled down based on this prerequisite, education and qualifications would then determine who was better placed to take the job according to the job requirements. 3) There are some methods of attracting candidates that would have to be altered to suit a local country where the job is. For example, some third world countries have very little Internet access, so advertising on the Internet would likely not succeed. These types of countries rely more on job referrals from somebody already established in the job market. 4) Psychometric testing would be ideal for potential expat employees because it would measure how they would fit into the company based on their cognitive abilities and personality or behavioral style (PsychPress, 2012). I would interview an expat’s partner because how they adapt to the local culture will determine whether the expat is committed to the job or

Analysis of Annual Audited Report for Boeing Corporation Assignment

Analysis of Annual Audited Report for Boeing Corporation - Assignment Example Over its eventful history, the company has been responsible for a number of innovations like the Boeing B-1, B-8 and Monomail, Model C, Boeing 80 and the 737. Boeing earned a profit of $4.018 billion for the year ended December 30, 2011 and had total assets of $79.986 billion on the same date. Since 2005, the company’s Chairman, President and CEO have been W. James McNerney Jr. The company has a total of 164,545 employees worldwide and the top 1.5 % of them go through the Technical Fellowship program, which sets the technical direction for the company. We will now move on to the analysis of Boeing’s financial statements as given in their Audited Annual Reports for 2011. Their accounts have been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, one of the Big Four accounting firms in the world. The report is unqualified and this means that Boeing Company has met the financial standards for record keeping and presentation as required by the FASB and other relevant authorities. Analysis o f Net Income and Cash Flows According to the financial statements for the year ended 30 December 2011, Boeing has reported net income from sales of products and services for fiscal year 2011 of $ 4.018 billion. According to their Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, cash provided from operating activities for 2011 was $5.844 billion (Boeing Annual Report 2011, 55). The difference between the two numbers can be explained on the basis of accrual accounting principles where revenue is recognized when it is earned and expenses are recognized when they are incurred (Porter & Curtis, 2013). Meigs, Meigs and Meigs further distinguish the importance of assessing operating activities through the measure of operating cash flow. Using accrual-based net earnings can lead to ambiguous performance indications, unless a company can convert its revenues/profits into cash (Meigs et al., 1995). Thus from a comparison of Boeing’s net earnings and net cash from operating activities in 2011, it can be concluded that the company is effectively converting their profits into cash. Ratio of Net Income to Net Revenue Looking further at the Consolidated Statement of Earnings, the following figures give a comparison of Boeing’s Net earnings to Net sales for the three years ending in December 2009, 2010 and 2011 respectively. All dollar amounts have been shown in millions: 2011 2010 2009 Net Earnings $4,018 $3,307 $1,312 Net Sales 68,735 64,306 68,281 Ratio 5.84% 5.14% 1.92% (Source: Boeing Annual Report, 2011) Wood and Sangster (2008) state that an efficient business is one who can keep the costs of providing their products or services relatively low compared to their selling price of those products or services. That said, the numbers in the above table are indicative of a fairly efficient business. While Boeing’s net sales had decreased from $68 billion in 2009 to $64 billion in 2010, yet the company managed to increase its net earnings from $1.3 billion to $3.3 bi llion over 2009-2010. The net sales and net earnings both show an increase in 2011 being $68 billion and $4 billion respectively so the company has once again done well Company Assets A further inspection of the Boeing Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet for 2011 shows that their three largest assets are Inventories ($32.24 billion), Cash and cash equivalents ($10.049 billion),

Fixing Pubic Education in the United States Essay

Fixing Pubic Education in the United States - Essay Example This paper stresses that in the US, elementary education is compulsory and begins at age 5. According to Avril Toffler, compulsory education was premeditated to fabricate obedient factory personnel who are used to performing repetitive errands. Besides, compulsory education is a criminal, communist and unconstitutional because it is unusual and cruel punishment. Hence, the education system constitutes unintentional solitude. Thus, this is what the US education system does to the junior citizens who are in elementary schools. It is evident to deduce that what the children will specialize at will be mastering their alphabet but not being creative. Thus to yield creative citizens in the future, the federal government should do away with the compulsory system of education. This will enable children in elementary school to apply appropriate principles, values, and reasons to make a sound decision in their lives. This will enable them to become responsible citizens too. This discussion makes a conclusion that the US education system trains students to be employees and consumers. The system is unable to give rise to critical thinkers and aggressive entrepreneurs in US. If the system is not fixed, there will be no room for inventors and innovative citizens in the future to solve future challenges. To change the trend above, the government should implement a system where talent of individuals is nurture from a tender age thus enables development and specialization of an individual in his field of study. With such a system, there will inventions in the country thus economic growth. The system will also encourage entrepreneurship; thus this will lead to job creations and reduce pressure on the few available jobs hence decline in the unemployment rate, which is currently on the rise. The US system does not give rise to critical thinkers and thus the students are taught to obey rules and regulations in elementary school. This, in turn, confines the student s and suppresses them to express themselves. Since the students are not given room to express their views, their creative talent is curbed. The federal government should introduce a system which promotes a one on one free interaction between teachers and students. This will facilitate a favorable learning environment; thus it will nurture the students public relations and elevates student’s power of thinking. Besides, interaction between the students and the teacher will enable the teacher recognize the student’s area of difficulty; thus it will enable him to strengthen it. Besides, once the student is perfect through one on one discussion with the teacher, he will become more specialized and innovative too. One on one interaction also encourages group discussions and exchange of ideas. The US education system resembles a state penitentiary because of the incarceration, constant surveillance from the teachers; bells ringing at intervals, age segregations and lack of pr ivacy thus prevent children from learning how to think because they will be in constant fear of being punished by their teachers. When children are exposed to such circumstances, they are forced to addiction behavior. Constant surveillance retards students from being critical thinkers thus lack in creativity. Besides, it gives the teachers room to manipulate, harass and punish students incase they have done something erroneous. The federal government should introduce a system which does not tolerate teachers’ harassments to students. Besides, classes should be conducted in the

Global Financial Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Global Financial Markets - Essay Example Low inflation is a positive scenario as it enables a country to maintain a stable economy and keep the value of local currency money. For example, if a Central Bank wants to attain and keep exchange rate stability and stem capital outflow, the bank must implement a high interest rate policy such as increasing call market rates to a range of 20 to 30% from a regular level of 10% in most cases. A stable foreign exchange rate will prevent a deep contraction of domestic economic activity. The Central Bank can also encourage an expansion of bank lending to small and medium enterprises by expanding its credit facility to support local enterprises. By achieving its primordial goals of stablility and efficiency in the monetary and financial frameworks, the Central Bank makes its very important contribution to the growth of the local economy. The Central Bank sets a base rate at which it transacts with other financial institutions. This interest rate then impacts on an array of interest rates set by commercial banks and building societies for their clients consisting of both borrowers and lenders. It also affects the price of financial assets including bonds and shares. The policy of decreasing or raising interest rates influences the level of spending in the economy. For instance, lower interest rates makes saving less attractive and borrowing more attractive. Lower interest rates can affect the consumers' and the firms' cash-flow. For example, a steep drop in interest rates reduces the income from savings and the interest payments due on loans. Borrowers also spend more of any extra money they have. The final effect of lower interest rates is to encourage higher spending in aggregate.Lower interest rates can boost the prices of other assets such as houses. Higher house prices permit the home owners to extend their mort gages to finance higher consumption. Higher share prices increase the households' wealth also. In addition, the main macroeconomic objectives of long-term growth and employment are achieved by monetary authorities through the judicious application of the appropriate monetary policy. Over the years, monetary authorities are focused on price stability by setting numerical targets for inflation over specific periods.As a strategic move to set the base rates, the monetary authorities make a series of choices regarding the information used as the basis for short-term and longer-term monetary policy adjustments by giving weight and specific roles to crucial economic variables. This information is applied in setting the base rate for interest rates, the prevailing foreign exchange rate regime, the intermediate money supply targets, the preferred forecasting mechanisms and the prevailing indices of the prevailing conditions in the monetary sphere. Individual country assessments on the base rate vary in most respects. The financial variables which exert an important role at the strate gic level include important targets such as money, credit and asset prices.The main operating procedures which relate to the tactical level of policy implementation encompass the choice both of instruments and of operating objectives. The central bankers use major policy instruments such as official interest rates, market operations such as repurchase tenders, reserve requirements and specific direct controls like ceilings on loans and ceilings on bank deposits

Current Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Current Crisis - Essay Example Congress, which continues to support a mortgage tax deduction that gives consumers a tax incentive to buy more expensive houses. Real estate agents, most of whom work for the sellers rather than the buyers and who earned higher commissions from selling more expensive homes etc’ (Bianco) The crisis is so deep that only the economic reform policies alone may not bring the desired results. Many economists believe that the current recession may continue longer than anticipated. President Obama has taken lot of measures (Obama program) to counter the current crisis which has been brought mixed reaction from the economic experts. This paper evaluates the criticism raised by CATO Institute, Paul Krugman and Joseph Stiglitz and the support extended by Lawrence Summers to the Obama program. The American people’s changing life styles are one of the biggest factors for the current crisis. The greedy customers accepted the offers (loans) from the financial institutions with both hands. They have approached the banks for everything and the banks were ready to help them without even assessing their backgrounds or financial capabilities. The financial institutions miscalculated that the global economy will never exhaust and whatever the goods and services sold in the market will bring profit. Such irresponsible allocation of resources in the market was the main cause of the current problem. The banks have given more focus to the goods or services sold rather than the goods or services bought. In other words, they were more interested in selling of their services. They never thought too much about the returns against the services they provided. Once the balance between the services and goods sold and bought were destroyed, financial crisis came into exist. The banksâ⠂¬â„¢ decisions and behaviors with respect to lending were not based on the economic theory of supply and demand. The supply must not be

Social Media and Networking Presentation Essay Example for Free

Social Media and Networking Presentation Essay Scenario: Imagine that you have been hired as a consultant for a university that wants to leverage social media and networking technologies to encourage the collaboration of students, and improve their overall sense of community. Analyze how the university might integrate at least two social media and networking technologies to accomplish their goals. Your analysis must cover the advantages and disadvantages of social networking. The president of the university also needs to know what the system development life cycle is, and how you intend on bringing social networking tools to life within this cycle. Translate the critical details of your proposal into a 10- to 15-slide Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® presentation that you will present to the university president. Include the following in your presentation using the features of Microsoft ® PowerPoint ®: A slide template Slide layouts Themes At least one example of animation At least one example of a media object Submit your presentation as instructed by the facilitator.

Effect of Brexit on the Special Relationship Between the UK and US

Effect of Brexit on the Special Relationship Between the UK and US ‘The UK cannot retain its â€Å"special relationship† with the United States whilst being semi-detached from the European Union’ â€Å"Success is the ability to go from one failure to another with no loss of enthusiasm† ‘Sir Winston Churchill’[1] The United Kingdom (UK) has no closer ally than the United States (US), and the British foreign policy underlines our close coordination with the United States.   These close relations were considerably strengthened by the United Kingdom’s alliance with the US during both World Wars, in the Korean conflict, in the Persian Gulf War, and more recently in Iraq and in Afghanistan conflicts, additionally through its part as a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.   This has contributed to forming a special relationship with the US.   Within this essay the ‘special relationship’ is defined as a political or technical term between the UK and the United States governments[2].   Semi dethatched is defined as no longer being a member of the European Union (EU) following referendum.   During 2016 a major event was the referendum in the UK on 23 June to withdraw from the European Union, which resulted in the British population voting to leave th e EU.   Following the announcement it posed a number of uncertainties, one of these was our ‘Special Relationship’ with the US. In answering the question of the UK cannot retain its â€Å"Special Relationship† with the US whilst being semi-detached from the EU’ there are 3 key areas that this essay will look at are political, military and economy.   I have considered these points because, the two countries continue to have a number of fundamental common interests in global political aspects, economic stability, military cohesion and with these structures they are able to cooperate closely as permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.   This essay will consider the implications on both sides of the Atlantic and argue that the UK can retain its †special relationship’ with the US whilst being semi detached from the EU, others may feel this is a failure by leaving the EU. Is the â€Å"Special Relationship† amid Britain and the US fundamentally damaged? It’s an old alliance based on shared histories and values, one that has developed the cornerstone of British foreign policy after two world wars[3].   The element of the special relationship is nothing new, it has been well established since Winston Churchill coined the phrase â€Å"special relationship† during a lecture tour of American universities in 1945 and his words are certainly resonate today.   The specialness of the two countries’ relationship has endured, although it could be seen as cool at times, this has been particularly difficult when the personal relationship between the US President and the British Prime Minster wasn’t so strong.   Whilst the degree of closeness between the nations is and has been largely determined by judgments of joint political, trade subsidies, military cohesion and the personal factor have continued to have a strong influence.   Some may say that the imbalance between the relative power between the two nations, may have possibly been one-sided and occasionally the UK has been made to appear rather subservient.   In the eyes of both nations, this was evident when the then Prime Minister Tony Blair was seen to freely take the acceptance of the Bush regimes’ polices over Iraq. This resulted in a certain amount of criticism of the British government in the UK and many felt that Britain is tied to closely to the US.   In 2016 there was two main political events that were headline news, the first being Britain voted to leave the EU in June after 43 years of increasingly ambivalent membership was greeted with a mixture of defiance, fear and jubilation across the continent. The second big political event being on the early hours on 9 November, when Donald Trump took to the stage in New York to declare his victory as the new President of the US.   Some said a political novice, however Mr Trump along the way had defeated the most experienced presidential candidate in decades.   The public opinion of the special relationship between the UK and US is being further divided amongst both populations; this was evident and highlighted during the Presidential campaign in November 2016.   Throughout the campaign President Trump campaigned on â€Å"making America great again’.   In January 2017 Theresa May agreed to â€Å"renew the special relationship for this new age† when she met with president Donald Trump.   MPs, including a number of May’s own Conservative party, had expressed their personal reservations about May’s visit given Trump’s previous controversial comments and stances on a range of issues[4].   The UK and the US closely work and frequently consult on foreign policy issues and global problems and share major foreign and security policy objectives. Worryingly as we look to the future there are many unknowns, on both sides of the Atlantic and the UK post Brexit will drive to sustain global influence and without the EU the UK could find themselves largely dependant on the US. The ‘Special relationship’ may well be further tested and could mean a much wider separation than that just of the EU. This no doubt would be devastating for the UK politically, militarily and more importantly financially. This role for the UK as a given global partner to the US is far more likely to survive following the decision to leave the EU than will the UK’s which maybe used as a diplomatic bridge between the US and Europe. Since 1917, well before the ‘special relationship’ was ever mentioned or quoted by Winston Churchill, the UK and US have collaborated to triumph in two world wars, two Gulf wars, and during the Cold War.   During the 1980s, the mutual support provided by this alliance has developed to the success of unilateral American and British military actions against Libya and Argentina, both of these actions were resisted by other European allies. Throughout the 1980s, the conclusive decade of the Cold War, the elimination of Soviet SS-20 missiles from Europe and the removal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan occurred as a consequence of Anglo-American initiatives that were either opposed or disregarded on the continent.   Ever since the well coordinated terrorist attack in 2001, that made headlines all over the world and became known as 9/11, the UK has remained beside the US in Iraq and Afghanistan as its most right-hand and reliable ally in the war on terror[5].   These joint military efforts have been based upon much of an arrangement of strategic interests with the similar political and legal culture and values with a world wide view. Also the effective use of intelligence sharing and close practical battlefield collaboration, has been made possible by the shared use of military equipment and technology.   Both the UK and US have agreed that both defence departments, will now continue to search for increased interoperability across the spectrum of military operations.   The US Defence Strategic Guidance[6] and UK Strategic Defence and Security Review[7] recently reached many common conclusions, including the need for increased cooperation in dealing with the threats we face.   We are committed to working together, and with other close allies, wherever possible.  The maritime commitment has been strengthened with Secretary Panetta and Secretary Hammond recently signed a Statement of Intent directing the US and Royal Navy to seek ways to better developed aircraft carrier doctrine and maritime power projection capabilities[8].   On the Land environment both the UK and US continue to develop very similar initiatives in order to enhance the already close ground force relationship however increased training opportunities in Europe and exchanges in the US.   As close Allies, the US and UK continue to host each others forces in order to conduct training and be prepared to deploy when necessary, and in future conduct current operations.   The US presently has over 9,000 personnel stationed in the UK, primarily on joint Royal Air Force bases such as RAF Mildenhall and Lakenheath in Suffolk, where US regiments conduct fighter, transport, logistics and aerial refuelling operations.   The Joint Analysis Centre at RAF Molesworth is a example of the cooperation, where British analysts and US monitor the world’s trouble areas together.   The four US services continue to send exchange personnel to work with the UK armed forces, and exchange both senior and junior military officers in British defence schools.   The UK currently has around 800 British personnel in the US. In the Air the UK is a partner in the development of the Joint Strike Fighter, which is a unique program with each country’s defence industries sharing the development of a common future platform that will ensure the US and UK, and other partners posses the latest technology in air superiority for the next generation.   Our Military cohesion was extended even further in 2014, when the UK and US signed a new agreement that was critical to Brittan’s Trident nuclear weapons system, was signed by British and US officials, the news stated that the 1958 UK-US Mutual Defence Agreement has been updated.   This new amendment that will last for 10 years, one which will permit the transfer between the US and UK of classified nuclear information concerning nuclear technology, atomic weapons and controlled nuclear material and critical information.   At the time the President Obama stated â€Å"intends to continue to maintain viable nuclear forces into the foreseeable future† he also mentioned that it was in America’s interest, to continue to help the UK â€Å"in maintaining a credible nuclear deterrent†[9].   The continued close security cooperation between the UK and US is probably going to continue, particularly in intelligence sharing. The EU has been traditionally excluded from aspects of the conversation of intelligence which has taken place between the English speaking â€Å"Five Eyes† states US, UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand[10].   Evidence and history has shown that the UK and US stand shoulder to shoulder with each other in order to deter and if necessary, defeat the threats to our common way of life.   The future does indicate a number of new opportunities to strengthen this relationship further.   With any new strategic circumstances, come new reasons to cooperate.   We certainly cannot afford to miss these opportunities.   With both countries recognising that many of the problems that we both face can’t be solved alone. That shoulder to shoulder stance, was put in the spotlight and made headlines across the world, when on the 23 June 2016 the decision for the UK to exit from the EU was a clear demonstration that history is not linear.   The following day the previous prime mister David Cameroon resigned and the UK pound plummeted. The FTSE 100 lost significant ground, but then the pound rallied past the previous February levels and the FTSE closed on a weekly high of 2.4%, this was it’s best performance in 4 months on what many speculated would be a future of economic gloom.   The previous US president Obama decided we ‘wouldn’t be at the back of the queue’ after all, and that or ‘special relationship’ was still strong.   Following the Brexit vote in June 2016, this will now allow the UK to charter a new course as a sovereign, it will become a free nation and one which will be able to implement free trade agreements with countries across the world once the UK exits the EU in 2019.   On the 29 March 2016, the UK changed its history by submitting a six-page letter from Mrs May triggering Article 50, which was handed to European Council President Donald Tusk[11].   When the UK leaves the EU in 2019 this will open the opportunities for the future of a free trade agreement between the UK and US. Currently the UK has the fifth largest economy and the US the largest in the world respectively.   Just seven days after taking office Teresa May was the first foreign leader to visit Donald Trump after being elected for president[12]. History has shown us that in the past the economic polices of the UK and the US has been seen as a similarity since the 1970s. The UK economic growth has held up netter than expected in the 12 months following the Brexit vote, in the longer term, the UK economy show continue to grow to around 2%, following Brexit. Currently when it comes to UK exports to a single nation, the US is the UK’s largest export destination with a current market worth some  £3.5 billion. Equally, the US is the UK’s third biggest after China and Germany, procuring some  £2.9billion of products form the US.   In my mind there does appear to be two key thoughts that Brexit is having much less of an effect and impact in the US. Firstly the relative isolation of the US economy, as only 15% of GDP is related to international trade. Secondly, in the last 18 months investors in the US were anticipating a rise in the interest rate, which would have had a negative impact. Following Brexit and the global uncertainty caused by the outcome, the Federal Reserve System put the increase on hold.   This has allowed the US markets plenty of opportunity to go even higher[13].   For the future the UK and the US should persist exploring areas where the alignment of bilateral regulatory systems can lead to new business opportunities and reduce costs of unnecessary regulation.   The UK and US Governments should also increase collaboration in higher education, especially between our world-leading universities, this would allow for our countries to build on their joint leadership role and pull together on the great economic potential linked to it.   The UK and the US economies are described by large and growing services sectors and should explore ways of enhancing trade in services, particularly in business services, which are key input for global supply chains[14]. In summary, If Britain’s world influence weakens, and the US continues to change its priorities away from Europe to other more surging geopolitical challenges, the special relationship could face a low-spirited future. The UK’s valuableness to the US could increase if the EU were to acquire a much more active global position. It is true trade deals will be forged with the US following the semi-detached status from the EU, and clearly no longer part of the EU economy. There is no doubt It will have a much weaker negotiating power and gravitational pull than previously held, thus relying on the proven ’special relationship’ in order to take the alliance forward and beyond 2019. The ‘Special Relationship’ has been the world’s most powerful bilateral partnership for over 70 years and is fundamentally important to both London and Washington. It has played a vital role in the defence of the free world since World War II and has been instrumental in advancing economic freedom across the globe.   The UK and US has built a ‘special relationship’, which was formed and built well before any mention of the UK leaving the EU. The UK can retain its ‘special relationship’ by working closely with the US, we continue to set an example for others and will persist to deliver a basis for further collaboration with our Allies and partners around the world, which include through NATO, in the future years to come.   Bibliography http://transatlanticrelations.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/HFAC-US-UK-testimony-Feb-1-2017-dh-final.pdf https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/planning-post-brexit-britain-s-place-global-stage https://uk.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/policy-history/ http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2016/03/why-britain-should-end-special-relationship-us http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2017/03/theresa-mays-article-50-letter-what-she-said-and-what-she-meant http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/can-the-special-relationship-survive-outside-the-eu-7107966.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/12/31/2016-review-world-events-changed-history/ http://www.nationalreview.com/article/436687/brexit-us-british-military-cooperation https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/03/14/joint-fact-sheet-us-and-uk-defense-cooperation http://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Publications/2015_National_Military_Strategy.pdf https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/575378/national_security_strategy_strategic_defence_security_review_annual_report_2016.pdf https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3846.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-politics-38778452/may-meets-trump-three-key-things http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-39431428 http://www.economywatch.com/economy-business-and-finance-news/the-uk-and-the-us-same-problem-different-results.07-07.html?page=full The economic impact of Brexit https://www.ft.com/content/9a5cd3ee-4acc-11e7-a3f4-c742b9791d43 Moving Forward The future of the UK-US economic relationship [1]The Quotation page 2087 [2] Oxford bibliographies [3] The New statesman, Mar 2016 [4] The guardian 26 Jan 2017 [5]Nationalreview.com/article/436687/brexit-us-british-military-cooperation [6] jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Publications/2015_National_Military_Strategy.pdf [7] National_security_strategy_strategic_defence_security_review_annual_report_2016.pdf [8] Whitehouse joint-fact-sheet-us-and-uk-defense-cooperation [9] Theguardian.com/world/defence and security 29 Jul 14 [10] The Independent 28 Jun 16 [11] bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-39431428 [12] bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-politics-38778452/may-meets-trump-three-key-things [13] woodfordfunds.com/economic-impact-brexit-report [14] https://www.babinc.org/moving-forward-future-uk-us-economic-relationship/

Comparison Of King Lear And Gloucester Essay examples -- essays resear

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shakespeare uses subplots to dramatize the action of the play and give spark on the contrast for the themes in King Lear. Sub plots usually improve the effect of dramatic irony and suspense. The latter, which is used in King Lear, gives us the understanding of the emotions of the characters in the play. This follows the parallelism between Gloucester and King Lear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In King Lear, the subplot of Gloucester corresponds to the major plot of King Lear. Both fathers have their own loyal legitimate child and their evil and disloyal child. They are both honourable men, who have children that return to them in their time of need. Gloucester and Lear are both tormented, and their favoured child recovers their life. In the early beginning of the play, Cordelia says that her love for her father is the love between father and daughter, no more, no less. Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave My heart into my mouth. I love your Majesty According to my bond, no more nor less. (Act 1 Scene 1 Pg. 13 lines 93-95) In response, King Lear goes into rage, and divides Cordelia’s share of the kingdom between her two unworthy sisters. Such injustice is encountered by Gloucester in the subplot. O villain, villain! His very opinion in the letter! Abhorred villain! Unnatural, detested, brutish villain! Worse than brutish! Go, sirrah, seek him. I†™ll apprehend him. Abominable villain! Where is he? (Act 1 Scene 2 Pg. 37 lines 75-78) Gloucester fool...

charhf jimhf Character of Jim and Huck Essay -- Adventures Huckleber

Huckleberry Finn – Study of His Character    In Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, he takes an alternate route from the normal adventure clichà ©. On the surface as well as when searching for a deeper meaning, many adventure books are unfulfilling in that they posses no real message. It is not that an adventure book should be deemed poor in quality simply because it lacks depth, because that's not really what an adventure book offers. Conventionally, the adventure book is a descriptive book in that it describes every leg of the protagonist's journey. The pivotal part to a truly fulfilling book is the deeper meaning, the stuff below the surface-- to me, this is what separates The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and puts it head and shoulders above any book I have read in that genre. Twain offers up more than the conventional adventures-- he personifies the characters to the point of showing their exact dialect through improper spelling and grammar. He displays the character's emotions and thoughts, maki ng it easy to relate to many of the things that the characters are thinking, in essence making a better book. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a book saturated with morals and lessons. If you take the tale at face value the characters seem uneducated, but the depth to the book shows that there is a lesson being transmitted through each of the characters.    The vivid and colorful characters make this book pleasing to read, a type of book that makes reading not a burden, but entertainment that rivals even video games. Twain takes Huckleberry Finn, on the surface your average character but because of the extent that Twain develops the characters, the character's rises and p... ... may look like they are disrespectful and malignant just because of the clothes they wear, their place in society, their dialect, or the way the do their hair. These are all of course outward appearances and should not influence our judgment of someone but they almost always do. Huck and Jim are great examples that adhere to this doctrine well-- Jim for instance is a slave, he almost seems foolish by his superstitions. Though through deeper inspection, Jim turns from a slave to a father figure, offering guidance to Huck and protecting him. Twain illustrates that below every ugly surface, there is usually a great personality to discover.    Works Cited    Bruce, Robert Ph.D. CliffsNotes On Twain's Huckleberry Finn. New York: Hungry Minds, Inc., 2000. Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Bantam Books, 1981.   

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

[Go up with Senior Homecoming t-shirt and hold up front and back so everyone can see] "Seniors. We just don't care." I feel that this has been our slogan for the past four years, but what I wanted to talk to you about is the opposite of what our shirt says. When I was chosen to speak, you have no idea how honored I was. It was completely unexpected. There's so much that I feel for you as I stand before you at this moment and I can feel the tears coming on, but I'll try to hold back until after the ceremony. There's so much I want to say to you that putting it all into words is difficult. I know that to some of you I'm just one of those annoying people that yell during assemblies and sometimes I'll tell you to do it, too. But despite the fact that I yell at assemblies and despite that fact that I want you to, too, there's more to it than that. As big as an advocate I am for school spirit, I admit sometimes the importance of it is not always clear. But the importance of something else is clear and that is compassion. To me, compassion is a deep sense of love, understanding, and sympathy for others. Someone with true compassion can feel it for someone they don't even know, someone who is entirely different from them, and someone who they might not even like. For this reason, compassion is not an emotion. We must be able to share it regardless of who the person is. Can you walk down the street and see a random face in the crowd and feel concern for their well-being? I have seen the amazing compassion that people are capable of and it moves me to tears. September 11th stays vivid in our minds. One aspect that touched me was how America came together with each other in order to share sympathy and comfort. Americans f... ... you continue on from high school, before you look at another in contempt, consider compassion instead. Will it take someone's death before you realize their worth as a person? Some of you are my close friends, some of you I only say hello to, and some of you I've never had the opportunity to speak to, but no matter who you are, I feel compassion for you right now. You are the people I have shared high school with and all I want for you is success and happiness in your future. You are all important to me. Before I end, I want to give thanks to the one I couldn't have gotten through high school without and that is my Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, who is the ultimate example of compassion and love for me. Thank you for giving me this opportunity to speak and thank you for making high school so incredibly memorable and special to me. May God bless you all.

Self Reflection

Jacob Trettin Dr. Meehan April 28, 2005 Self Reflection When I think of my freshmen year in college certain things come to mind. The most important thing that I think of is my writing and communication skills. One class that helped me a great deal is Composition and Communication. The reason I think that class helped me is because I learned how too improve my thesis as well as my entire essays, also my process of how I write my essays, and how to give a effective speech. When I came to college one of my biggest fears was my writing skills.I knew my essays were never that great in high school and I feared that I was expected to have better writing skills then what I had at this point. Then I entered a class called composition and communication. Coming into this class at first I was nervous because I knew in was going to be heavy loaded in the writing area. Then we wrote are first essay about a musical performance on this essay I focused on my thesis because that was one of my goals go ing into this class to improve my thesis in my essays. I believe I was successful in my thesis for this paper. Over all I think this paper was my best out of all the essays we wrote for this class.On the next essay I really focused on my writing process I started with an outline then turned that into a pretty sketchy rough draft. I was a little skeptical at first about how it was going to turn out. Usually my rough drafts don’t really change a whole lot but that was not the case for this one. My final draft was a complete change it was like I wrote 2 different essays and picked the best one. I didn’t just change the essay I made it better and it just happened to completely change the essay. I soon realized that this process was a much improvement to my writing style and I decided to try it out on all my essays that I write.Another skill that I was definitely not born with is my ability to speak in front of a group. I will be the first to tell you that I am a horrible s peaker. With that said you can probably tell that I don’t have a lot of confidence in my speaking skills. This does not stop me from trying to improve in this area by any means. The first speech we gave in C and C class was quite frankly horrible. After this I decided I will improve little by little in my college career and the first step was to improve on the next speech that we will give in this C and C class.When I found out what are next speech was about I buckled down and came up with a magnificent plan of action. Although it didn’t turn out as well as I had hoped I still believe I took a step in the right direction. There is definitely room for improvement however. All in All I believe that my experience with my composition and communication class was a defendant plus and I think it gave me a great base for what is to come in my higher writing courses. I feel there is plenty of ways I can get better but for now I am proud of where I am at as a writer. Self Reflection Self Reflection The task that was given to us at the start of the semester was to make a group consisting of 3-4 people and collaboratively work with one another to achieve the goal of a 15-minute speech. The topic that was presented to my group, which consisted of myself, Josh Chua, Jack Winton and Greg Scopes was that of Marketing Mix Strategy. Through the week’s leading up to the speech, the group formulated ideas and attempted to find ways to keep the audience interested while trying to express key points of information on our topic.Although we felt prepared before the speech as a group we were nervous because we knew there were many things that we hadn’t touched on. Within this reflection I will touch on positive aspects of our speech such as parts that we excelled in and I will cover parts that negatively affected our speech such as things that we failed to produce. Positives Through reading the feedback it has been highlighted the parts of the speech where we hav e excelled and the parts of the speech were we have lacked to produce quality.It is clear from the feedback that we have successfully organized the presentation in a way, which was easy to follow for the audience, we evenly balanced the workload of the speech and we provided good examples to our topic of Product, Price, Distribution and Promotion through sufficient theory. Successfully organizing the presentation and information was a major goal for our group, as getting this right means that audience will easily be able to grasp the concept of our overall speech.We conducted a survey and it paid of with primary information and data. Evenly balancing the workflow in the presentation of the speech is an obvious positive as changing the speaker keeps the audience interested. Providing examples to back up our points was another obvious positive as this helped the audience understand the concept of our speech. Negatives After reviewing the feedback it is clear that the group had a lack of enthusiasm, relied to heavily on our script and lacked interaction with the audience.When it comes to enthusiasm of delivering the speech this is a very important topic as it keeps audience engaged, without this the audience will lose interest and zone out. During the speech it was obvious in some cases that the audience lost interest, which is a major negative when trying to sell an idea or a product. It is recommended that to improve on this fault more practice needs to be spent in order to learn the speech and product better, to be able to confidently say the speech. Too better help enthusiasm it would be wise to better learn our speech as a group.Throughout the speech it was clear that most members including myself relied heavily on palm cards. In a real business situation this would not be acceptable and would not reflect well. To improve on this if we were to repeat the speech it would be wise to learn the speech’s major points and only have dot points on the palm ca rds. By doing this it will keep audience more engaged as eye contact would remain constant. The third major negative to our speech was our lack of effort to interact and engage the audience with any activates or questions, which would of helped them better understand our topic.By not doing this simple task it reflects badly on us as a group, as audience lose interest. If this were to happen in a real business scenario there would be no chance in selling our product or idea. It is suggested that in order to better ourselves and our group’s chances of successfully selling our product, it is of vital importance that we keep audience engaged through activities, such as questions and discussion as a group. Conclusion From the feedback given it is obvious that there are places to improve on.By making the adjustments stated above it will reflect greatly on our group as we would not only be organizing our presentation well, evenly distributing the workload and providing examples but we would also be enthusiastic about our idea, through learning and understanding our speech better, we would be keeping eye contact with the audience more often, as a result of not using palm cards and finally we would be getting the audience involved, through activities such as regular questions to wake them up and deep discussion to make them understand.If these major negatives were touched on and made into positives I believe that our group could give a information filled speech while keeping audience entertained and engaged. Self Reflection Self Reflection The task that was given to us at the start of the semester was to make a group consisting of 3-4 people and collaboratively work with one another to achieve the goal of a 15-minute speech. The topic that was presented to my group, which consisted of myself, Josh Chua, Jack Winton and Greg Scopes was that of Marketing Mix Strategy. Through the week’s leading up to the speech, the group formulated ideas and attempted to find ways to keep the audience interested while trying to express key points of information on our topic.Although we felt prepared before the speech as a group we were nervous because we knew there were many things that we hadn’t touched on. Within this reflection I will touch on positive aspects of our speech such as parts that we excelled in and I will cover parts that negatively affected our speech such as things that we failed to produce. Positives Through reading the feedback it has been highlighted the parts of the speech where we hav e excelled and the parts of the speech were we have lacked to produce quality.It is clear from the feedback that we have successfully organized the presentation in a way, which was easy to follow for the audience, we evenly balanced the workload of the speech and we provided good examples to our topic of Product, Price, Distribution and Promotion through sufficient theory. Successfully organizing the presentation and information was a major goal for our group, as getting this right means that audience will easily be able to grasp the concept of our overall speech.We conducted a survey and it paid of with primary information and data. Evenly balancing the workflow in the presentation of the speech is an obvious positive as changing the speaker keeps the audience interested. Providing examples to back up our points was another obvious positive as this helped the audience understand the concept of our speech. Negatives After reviewing the feedback it is clear that the group had a lack of enthusiasm, relied to heavily on our script and lacked interaction with the audience.When it comes to enthusiasm of delivering the speech this is a very important topic as it keeps audience engaged, without this the audience will lose interest and zone out. During the speech it was obvious in some cases that the audience lost interest, which is a major negative when trying to sell an idea or a product. It is recommended that to improve on this fault more practice needs to be spent in order to learn the speech and product better, to be able to confidently say the speech. Too better help enthusiasm it would be wise to better learn our speech as a group.Throughout the speech it was clear that most members including myself relied heavily on palm cards. In a real business situation this would not be acceptable and would not reflect well. To improve on this if we were to repeat the speech it would be wise to learn the speech’s major points and only have dot points on the palm ca rds. By doing this it will keep audience more engaged as eye contact would remain constant. The third major negative to our speech was our lack of effort to interact and engage the audience with any activates or questions, which would of helped them better understand our topic.By not doing this simple task it reflects badly on us as a group, as audience lose interest. If this were to happen in a real business scenario there would be no chance in selling our product or idea. It is suggested that in order to better ourselves and our group’s chances of successfully selling our product, it is of vital importance that we keep audience engaged through activities, such as questions and discussion as a group. Conclusion From the feedback given it is obvious that there are places to improve on.By making the adjustments stated above it will reflect greatly on our group as we would not only be organizing our presentation well, evenly distributing the workload and providing examples but we would also be enthusiastic about our idea, through learning and understanding our speech better, we would be keeping eye contact with the audience more often, as a result of not using palm cards and finally we would be getting the audience involved, through activities such as regular questions to wake them up and deep discussion to make them understand.If these major negatives were touched on and made into positives I believe that our group could give a information filled speech while keeping audience entertained and engaged.

Is Eddie Carbone a Tragic Hero?

Is Eddie Carbone a tragic hero? Firstly, before the decision is made on whether Eddie Carbone is classed as a tragic hero, I would like to outline what a tragic hero really means. ‘Tragic'- a tragedy is a type of drama, therefore in the context of tragedy, the word ‘hero' means the protagonist, someone who we may admire or respect in a way, but who is imperfect, and has a main flaw, which seems to contribute on his own downfall. A hero doesn't necesserily have to be perfect.It is important that a tragic hero acquires self-knowledge and faces up to his own predicament, with honesty and openness. At the beginning of the play, a tragic hero is always a good person; for example Eddie was a loving and caring man, he said to Catherine â€Å"I want you to be in a nice office. † This shows that he cares for Catherine's future. Eddie Carbone doesn't really fit as a tragic hero considering he is a normal longshoreman, which is ordinary in Red Hook. Just like all men, Eddie à ¢â‚¬Å"worked on the piers where there was work, he brought home his pay, and he lived. Eddie doesn't have a high status, but on the other hand Eddie may still be categorized as a tragic hero due to his bold imperfection which results in his downfall, Eddie is also respected at the beginning of the play, just like a tragic hero. Eddie's tragic flaw, seems to be his over powering love for his niece Catherine, which makes Eddie's fate unavoidable. His unnatural love for Catherine causes the jealousy betweem him and Rodolfo, Beatrice's Italian cousin, who is also falling for Catherine.

Employment and Successful Pharmaceutical Company

According to one of PharmaCare’ patient:† PharmaCare is the BEST place to buy prescription drugs. In addition, to the excellent service by the workers at PharmaCare, you get a discount every time you purchase drugs. Cut you prescription cost now, buy at PharmaCare. † PharmaCare is an independent pharmacy chain based in Bel Air, Maryland. Pharmacare serves patients with traditional needs in addition to patients with special needs, such as psychiatric, substance abuse, HIV, and oncology patients. With its high customer service standards and a caring culture, Pharmacare is emerging as a regional leader.The stakeholders within PharmaCARE are all the individuals and groups that are affected by the company’s decisions. The stakeholders in this scenario include PharmaCARE, a successful pharmaceutical company, CompCARE, a subsidiary of PharmaCARE, Wellco, a large drugstore chain, the employees of the various companies, the African nation of Colberia and the Colberia ns. All of these stakeholders have a stake in the outcome. PharmaCARE is a successful pharmaceutical company that prides itself on being a reputable, caring and ethical company that enhances the quality of life for millions of people.However, if we take a close a look of Pharmacare way of doing business, we will understand that the company actually only cares about its profit margin. Many of the social problems in Colberia are caused by PharmaCare. PharmaCare actually destroyed the habitat and endangered the native species through extensive activities and business practices. PharmaCARE’s treatment of the people of Colberia is immoral, unethical and socially irresponsible. They are taking advantage of Colberia’s low standard of living and economic plight.These people are simply trying to earn a living. At the same time, the executives are living in the lap of luxury. The answer whether Allen could legally fire each of the three workers: Donna, Tom, and Ayesha is definit ely no. I do believe that these employees are protected by the public policy exception of the employee-at-will doctrine. â€Å"Employers should not be allowed to use their economic power over employees in a way that undermines the interests of the community or that is injurious to the public good.†If we analyze each case we will see that Allen has no legal right to fire Donna who filed for work compensation because her sickness is due to work conditions. The same would definitely go for Tom. Furthermore, we can say every employee has the right to file a complaint with Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Donna, Tom and Ayesha are all rank and file workers that have experienced negative conditions and situations at their place of work.Ayesha’s situation is kind a different though because she would have to prove that her ethnicity, race and or beliefs have kept her away from being promoted instead of her l ack of management. I do believe that she could be fired under the employment at will doctrine which allows an employer to fire anyone at anytime without reason. If I were Allen, I would make sure that all work orders are documented. Documents should specify that effort has been made If I were Allen I would consult with Human Resource and make sure all incidents at work are documented.The documentation needs to show that effort has been made to correct any safety violations. Allen needs to document and make sure his interviews with Ayesha were documented and that reviews of Ayesha’s work has been documented. Manager’s should make notes specifically about them and their work habits that support their skills or lack of certain skills so any claims of discrimination cannot support why an employee was not promoted or hired. Allen could definitely make sure that work orders are made to correct the mold problem in the facility.

Exam Marketing Essay

Please put your name and student number (both, in digits and by filling the boxes) on your answer sheet. After finishing the exam you will hand in your answer sheet. Fill in the correct version code at the bottom right of the answer form by filling the correct box. Version 1 Warning against fraud: In the case of fraud the maximum punishment is exclusion from all examinations for one year. Your mobile phone should be switched off and should be put in your bag. Your bag should be closed and placed on the floor to the left of your desk. During the examination you are not allowed to go to the toilet unless the co- rdinating invigilator gives you permission to do so. Tools allowed: pencils, eraser, English-native language dictionary. (no books or notes. ) Specific information on this examination: This exam consists of 60 Multiple Choice Questions with 4 alternatives each. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question, and mark your answers on the answer form by filling the boxes. A computer will read your answers. The result of this examination will be published within 18 working days after the date of this examination. Reviewing the examination: Specific information on procedure and planning will be posted on Blackboard. Good luck with the exam! MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Car rental firms, hair dressers, and management consultants provide goods B) experiences C) events D) services 2) Julia is worried about the rising pollution levels in her city. She doesn’t mind paying extra for goods and services that use sustainable processes to help control A) declining demand B) nonexistent demand C) latent demand D) negative demand 3) Marketers must see themselves as benefit providers. For example, when a shopper purchases new shoes, he/she expects the shoes to cover his/her feet and allow him/ her to walk unobstructed. This is an example of what level in the consumer-value hierarchy? A) pure tangible good B) basic product C) augmented product D) potential product 4) Which aspect of holistic marketing motivates employees and ensures that everyone in the organization embraces appropriate marketing principles, especially senior management? A) relationship marketing B) integrated marketing C) internal marketing D) performance marketing 5) The number of different persons or households exposed to a particular media chedule at least once during a specified time period is known as A) range B) impact C) reach D) frequency 6) A company that seeks to increase its sales and profits through backward, forward, or horizontal integration within the industry is said to be employing a(n) strategy. A) diversification growth B) intensive growth C) integrative growth D) conglomerate growth 7) The is the last section of the marketing plan and spells out the goals and budget for each month or quarter, so management can review each period’s results and take action as needed. A) situation analysis B) marketing strategy C) financial projections D) implementation and controls 2 8) The internal records system supplies results data, but the marketing intelligence system supplies A) internal B) revenue C) thematic D) happenings data. ocial institutions†schools, churches, businesses, and governments; they are very difficult to change. A) Transient B) Secondary C) core D) Variable 10) A company can take several steps to improve the quality of its marketing intelligence. If the company purchases competitive products for study, attends open houses and trade shows, and reads competitors’ published reports and stockholder information, the company is using ntelligence. A) sales-force surrogates B) intermediaries C) external networks D) advisory panels to improve the quality of its marketing 1 1) If the goal of marketing research is to shed light on the real nature of a problem and to suggest possible solutions or new ideas, the research is said to be descriptive B) quantitative C) secondary D) exploratory approach uses concepts and tools from anthropology and other social science disciplines to provide deep cultural understanding of how people live and work. A) Cognitive research B) Archaeological research C) Ethnographic research D) Deductive research llow respondents to answer in their own words and often reveal more about how people think. A) Open-end questions B) Dichotomous questions C) Likert scale questions D) Multiple choice questions 14) The bundle of costs customers expect to incur in evaluating, obtaining, using, and disposing of the given market offering is called the A) activity-based cost B) customer profitability analysis C) total customer cost D) product life-cycle cost 3 15) Field Grocery wants to learn the strengths and weaknesses in customer service at all the Field Grocery stores. Which of the following methods can it use for this? A) roup buyers C) mystery shoppers D) buying agents 16) The aim of customer relationship management is to produce high customer . A) integrity B) loyalty C) innovation D) liability 17) If a marketer decides to segment a market based on neighborhoods, the marketer will have chosen the A) demographic B) psychographic C) geographic D) cultural method of segmentation. 18) If a marketing manager employs such marketing techniques as online buzz, student ambassadors, cool events, and street teams to reach target markets, the manager is most likely appealing to the A) Generation X B) Generation Y C) Silent generation D) Baby boomers market. 19) General Motors, a leading American multinational automaker, sells cars for every purpose, purse, and personality. This is an example of A) undifferentiated B) differentiated C) concentrated D) niche 20) According to the VALS segmentation system, marketing. are considered to be trendy and funloving people who are resource-constrained. They favor stylish products that emulate the purchases of those with greater material wealth. A) strivers B) survivors C) experiencers D) makers 21) Brand B) equity C) preference D) identity is the added value endowed to products and services. A) loyalty 22) According to the brand asset valuator model, which of the components of brand equity measures how aware and familiar consumers are with the brand? A) esteem 4 B) energized differentiation C) relevance 23) The introduction of diet coke by the Coca Cola Company is an example of A) line extension B) brand harmonization C) brand dilution D) co-branding 24) Which of the following terms is most closely associated with the statement: â€Å"attributes or benefits consumers strongly associate with a brand, positively evaluate, and believe that they could not find to the same extent with a competitive brand†? A) points-of-inflection B) points-of-difference C) points-of-parity D) points-of-value 25) are visual representations of consumer perceptions and preferences. A) Procedural maps B) Brain maps C) Perceptual maps D) Procedural models 26) Singapore Airlines is well regarded in large part because of the excellence of its flight attendants. This is an example of differentiation. A) image B) services C) product D) employee 27) When Starbucks introduced its Tazo Tea line to bring in new customers who had never gone to Starbucks because they dont drink coffee, Starbucks was employing a trategy. A) market-penetration B) new-market segment C) geographical-expansion D) niche identification 28) An alternative to being a market follower in a large market is to be a leader in a small market. This type of competitor is called a A) marketing king B) market nicher C) segment king D) guerilla marketer 29) is a slowdown in sales growth because the product has achieved acceptance by most potential buyers. A) Introduction B) Growth C) Decline D) Maturity 5 30) The marketing concept holds that for its products B) customers who are coaxed into buying a product will most likely uy it again C) a new product will not be successful unless it is priced, distributed, and sold properly D) consumers and businesses, if left alone, won’t buy enough of the organization’s products 31) What types of goods are purchased frequently, immediately, and with minimum effort by the consumers? A) specialty goods B) shopping goods C) unsought goods D) convenience goods 32) We define packaging as all the activities of designing and producing the container for a product. This includes up to three levels of material: primary package, secondary package, and B) design package C) shipping package D) consumer package . A) retailer package 33) Which of the following is an example of a hybrid service? A) teaching B) car C) restaurant meal D) soap 34) Services high in have characteristics that the buyers can evaluate before purchase. A) search qualities B) experience qualities C) credence qualities D) privacy qualities 35) Jake had an appointment at the doctor’s, but couldn’t make it on time because he was caught in traffic. By the time he reached the doctor’s office, the doctor had already begun with the next patient. This illustrates the A) variability B) heterogeneity C) perishability D) intangibility f services. 36) Companies who believe that a higher sales volume leads to lower unit costs and higher long-run profits are attempting to A) maximize their market share B) skim the market C) become a product-quality leader D) merely survive in the market 37) In which of the following auctions does the auctioneer first announce a high price for a product and then slowly decreases the price until a bidder accepts? A) an English auction with one seller and many buyers B) an ascending bid auction C) a sealed-bid auction 6 38) A(n) is an extra payment designed to gain reseller participation in special rograms. A) seasonal discount B) allowance C) discount D) quantity discount 39) When is a pull strategy appropriate? A) when there is low brand loyalty B) when consumers are able to perceive differences between brands C) when brand choice is made in the store D) when it is a low involvement purchase 40) Which of the following is an example of a zero-level channel? A) A company takes online orders from customers and ships the products to them. B) A company sells its products through wholesalers and retailers. C) A company sells its products through chains of supermarkets and other large sellers. D) A large company forms alliances with smaller companies to increase sales coverage. 41) A(n) includes the producer, wholesaler(s), and retailer(s) acting as a unified system. A) parallel marketing channel B) vertical marketing system C) internal marketing system D) conventional marketing channel 42) Which of the following types of retailing generally entails the highest costs? A) full-service B) self-service C) limited service D) self-selection 43) Which of the following is an example of a word-of-mouth marketing communication platform? A) chat rooms B) billboards C) factory tours D) incentive programs 4) Which of the following is true for franchisors? A) The franchisor has to pay the franchisee to be part of the franchise system. B) The franchisor licenses the trade mark from the franchisee. C) The franchisor must change its operations to suit those of the franchisee’s. D) The franchisor collects royalty payments from the franchisee. 5) Which of the following is an advantage of using the percentage-of-sales method to determine the marketing communications budget? A) The percentage-of-sales method encourages stability when competing firms spend approximately the same portion of their sales on communications. B) The percentage-of-sales method views sales as the determiner of communications rather than as the result. C) The percentage-of-sales method leads to a budget set by market opportunities rather than the availability of funds. by determining what each product and territory deserves. 46) Which of the following sequences accurately represents the hierarchy-of-effects model of marketing communications? A) attention-interest-desire-action B) awareness-interest-evaluation-trial-adoption C) awareness-knowledge-liking-preference-conviction-purchase D) exposure- reception-cognitive response-attitude-intention-behavior 47) A(n) ppeal is a creative strategy that elaborates on product or service attributes or benefits.